The impact of positivism and scientism at Freud’s time
When we think of Sigmund Freud, the idea of psychoanalysis and theories about the unconscious often comes to mind. However, it is essential to understand the historical and philosophical context that influenced your work. Positivism and scientism were dominant forces in Freud’s time, shaping the way people thought about science, religion, and human nature.
The historical context: an age of change
The second half of the nineteenth century was marked by significant transformations in various areas, including science, technology and philosophy. Positivism, led by Auguste Comte, argued that true knowledge could only be obtained through observation and scientific experimentation. This led to a search for natural explanations for phenomena, to the detriment of religious or metaphysical explanations.
This movement profoundly influenced medicine, which has begun to become more evidence -based and less dependent on unproven theories. Freud, as a trained neurologist, was strongly influenced by this scientific approach in his own clinical practice.
Freud and psychoanalysis: a revolutionary approach
In developing psychoanalysis, Freud sought to apply the principles of positivism and scientism to the study of the human mind. He believed that mental processes, including thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, could be understood through a systematic and observational approach.
His work with patients, especially those with symptoms of hysteria, led him to propose the existence of the unconscious as a fundamental component of the human psyche. This idea was revolutionary because it challenged the traditional notions of free will and personal responsibility.
Freud’s psychoanalysis also highlighted the importance of childhood and early experiences in the formation of adult personality. This was a direct challenge to the rigid views of determinism, which suggested that human behavior could be predicted and controlled through scientific laws.
Challenges and criticisms: the reaction to Freud’s work
Freud’s work was not immune to criticism. Many saw their theory of the unconscious as a threat to traditional notions of morality and personal responsibility. Moreover, the emphasis on sexuality and repressed desires as sources of psychic conflict was seen by some as scandalous or immoral.
However, despite these criticisms, Freud’s ideas have persevered and continue to influence psychology, psychiatry and other areas to this day. His approach to understanding the human mind as a complex system, influenced by conscious and unconscious factors, paved the way for a deeper understanding of human nature.
In short, the impact of positivism and scientism in Freud’s time was deep. These philosophical currents shaped the way he approached psychoanalysis, seeking to understand the human mind through a scientific lens. Although he has faced challenges and criticism, Freud’s legacy remains relevant, inspiring new generations of researchers and clinicians to explore the mysteries of the human psyche.
